Class: IX,X,XI & XII
Subjects: Physics,Chemistry,Mathematics & Biology
7071101070
8279603902
SCIENCE
COURSE STRUCTURE
ANNUAL EXAMINATION
UNIT 1 : MATTER - IT'S NATURE AND BEHAVIOR
MARKS : 23
UNIT 2 : ORGANZATION IN LIVING WORLD
MARKS : 20
UNIT 3 : MOTION, FORCE, AND WORK
MARKS : 27
UNIT 4 : OUR EDNIRONMENT
MARKS : 06
TOTAL : 80
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT : 20
GRAND TOTAL : 100
UNIT 1
Matter-Nature and BehaviourDefinition of matter; solid, liquid and gas; characteristics - shape, volume, density;change of state-melting (absorption of heat), freezing, evaporation (cooling byevaporation), condensation, sublimation.Nature of matter: Elements, compounds and mixtures. Heterogeneous andhomogenous mixtures, colloids and suspensions.Particle nature, basic units: Atoms and molecules, Law of constant proportions,Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept: Relationship of mole to mass of theparticles and numbers.Structure of atoms: Electrons, protons and neutrons, valency, chemical formula ofcommon compounds. Isotopes and Isobars.Theme: The World of the Living
UNIT 2
Organization in the Living WorldCell - Basic Unit of life : Cell as a basic unit of life; prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells,multicellular organisms; cell membrane and cell wall, cell organelles and cell inclusions;chloroplast, mitochondria, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus; nucleus,chromosomes - basic structure, number.Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organism:Structure and functions of animal and plant tissues (only four types of tissues inanimals; Meristematic and Permanent tissues in plants).Biological Diversity: Diversity of plants and animals-basic issues in scientific naming,basis of classification. Hierarchy of categories / groups, Major groups of plants (salientfeatures) (Bacteria, Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms andAngiosperms). Major groups of animals (salient features) (Non-chordates upto phylaand chordates upto classes).Health and Diseases: Health and its failure. Infectious and Non-infectious diseases,their causes and manifestation. Diseases caused by microbes (Virus, Bacteria andProtozoans) and their prevention; Principles of treatment and prevention. Pulse Polioprogrammes.
UNIT 3
Motion, Force and WorkMotion: Distance and displacement, velocity; uniform and non-uniform motion along astraight line; acceleration, distance-time and velocity-time graphs for uniform motionand uniformly accelerated motion, derivation of equations of motion by graphicalmethod; elementary idea of uniform circular motion.Force and Newton’s laws : Force and Motion, Newton’s Laws of Motion, Action andReaction forces, Inertia of a body, Inertia and mass, Momentum, Force andAcceleration. Elementary idea of conservation of Momentum.Gravitation: Gravitation; Universal Law of Gravitation, Force of Gravitation of the earth(gravity), Acceleration due to Gravity; Mass and Weight; Free fall.Floatation: Thrust and Pressure. Archimedes’ Principle; Buoyancy; Elementary idea ofRelative Density.Work, energy and power: Work done by a Force, Energy, power; Kinetic and Potentialenergy; Law of conservation of energy.Sound: Nature of sound and its propagation in various media, speed of sound, range ofhearing in humans; ultrasound; reflection of sound; echo and SONAR. Structure of theHuman Ear (Auditory aspect only).
UNIT 4
Our EnvironmentPhysical resources: Air, Water, Soil. Air for respiration, for combustion, for moderatingtemperatures; movements of air and its role in bringing rains across India.Air, water and soil pollution (brief introduction). Holes in ozone layer and the probabledamages.Bio-geo chemical cycles in nature: Water, Oxygen, Carbon and Nitrogen.
UNIT 5
Food ProductionPlant and animal breeding and selection for quality improvement and management; Useof fertilizers and manures; Protection from pests and diseases; Organic farming.
PRACTICALS
1. Preparation of:
a) a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum
b) a suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water
c) a colloidal solution of starch in water and egg albumin/milk in water anddistinguish between these on the basis of
-
transparency
-
filtration criterion
-
stability
2. Preparation of
a) A mixture
b) A compoundusing iron filings and sulphur powder and distinguishing between these on the basis of:
-
appearance, i.e., homogeneity and heterogeneity
-
behaviour towards a magnet
-
behaviour towards carbon disulphide as a solvent
-
effect of heat
3. Separation of the components of a mixture of sand, common salt and ammoniumchloride (or camphor).
4. Perform the following reactions and classify them as physical or chemical changes:
a) Iron with copper sulphate solution in water
b) Burning of magnesium ribbon in air
c) Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid
d) Heating of copper sulphate crystals
e) Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their solutions in water
5. Preparation of stained temporary mounts of
(a) onion peel,
(b) human cheek cells & torecord observations and draw their labeled diagrams.
6. Identification of Parenchyma, collenchyma and Sclerenchyma tissues in plants, striped,smooth and cardiac muscle fibers and nerve cells in animals, from prepared slides.Draw their labeled diagrams.
7. Determination of the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water.
8. Verification of the Laws of reflection of sound.
9. Determination of the density of solid (denser than water) by using a spring balance and ameasuring cylinder.
10. Establishing the relation between the loss in weight of a solid when fully immersed ina) Tap waterb) Strongly salty water with the weight of water displaced by it by taking at leasttwo different solids.
11. Determination of the speed of a pulse propagated through a stretchedstring/slinky(helical spring).
12. Study of the characteristics of Spirogyra, Agaricus, Moss, Fern, Pinus (either with maleor female cone) and an Angiospermic plant. Draw and give two identifying features ofthe groups they belong to.
13. Observe the given pictures/charts/models of earthworm, cockroach, bony fish and bird. Foreach organism, draw their picture and record:
a) one specific feature of its phylum.
b) one adaptive feature with reference to its habitat.
14. Verification of the law of conservation of mass in a chemical reaction.
15. Study of the external features of root, stem, leaf and flower of monocot and dicotplants.
MATHEMATICS
COURSE STRUCTURE
ANNUAL EXAMINATION
UNIT 1 : NUMBER SYSTEMS
MARKS : 08
UNIT 2 : ALGEBRA
MARKS :17
UNIT 3 : COORDINATE GEOMETRY
MARKS :04
UNIT 4 :GEOMETRY
MARKS : 28
UNIT 5 :MENSURATION
MARKS:13
UNIT 6 :STATISTICS & PROBABILITY
MARKS:10
TOTAL : 80
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT : 20
GRAND TOTAL : 100
UNIT 1:NUMBER SYSTEMS
1. REAL NUMBERS
1. Review of representation of natural numbers, integers, rational numbers on the number line. Representation of terminating / non-terminating recurring decimals onthe number line through successive magnification. Rational numbers as recurring/ terminating decimals.
Operations on real numbers.
2. Examples of non-recurring/non-terminating decimals. Existence of non-rational numbers (irrational numbers) such as , and their representation on the number line. Explaining that every real number is represented by a unique point on the number line and conversely,
viz. every point on the number line represents a unique real number.
3. Definition of nth root of a real number.
4. Rationalization (with precise meaning) of real numbers of the type
and (and their combinations) where x and y are natural number and a and b are integers.
5. Recall of laws of exponents with integral powers. Rational exponents with positive real bases (to be done by particular cases, allowing learner to arrive at the general laws.)
UNIT 2: ALGEBRA
1. POLYNOMIALS
Definition of a polynomial in one variable, with examples and counter examples. Coefficients of a polynomial, terms of a polynomial and zero polynomial. Degree of a polynomial. Constant,
linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials. Monomials, binomials, trinomials. Factors and multiples. Zeros of a polynomial. Motivate and State the Remainder Theorem with examples. Statement and proof of the Factor Theorem. Factorization of ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 where a, b and c are real numbers, and of cubic polynomials using the Factor Theorem. Recall of algebraic expressions and identities. Verification of identities: + and their use in factorization of polynomials.
2. LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
Recall of linear equations in one variable. Introduction to the equation in two variables. Focus on linear equations of the type ax+by+c=0. Explain that a linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions and justify their being written as ordered pairs of real numbers, plotting them and showing that they lie on a line. Graph of linear equations in two variables. Examples, problems from real life, including problems on Ratio and Proportion and with algebraic and graphical solutions being done simultaneously.
UNIT 3 : COORDINATE GEOMETRY
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
The Cartesian plane, coordinates of a point, names and terms associated with the
coordinate plane, notations, plotting points in the plane.
UNIT 4 : GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY1. INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID'S GEOMETRY
History - Geometry in India and Euclid's geometry. Euclid's method of formalizing observedphenomenon into rigorous Mathematics with definitions, common/obvious notions,axioms/postulates and theorems. The five postulates of Euclid. Equivalent versions of the fifthpostulate. Showing the relationship between axiom and theorem, for example:
(Axiom) 1. Given two distinct points, there exists one and only one line through them.
(Theorem) 2. (Prove) Two distinct lines cannot have more than one point in common.
LINES AND ANGLES:
1. (Motivate) If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of the two adjacent angles so formed is 180Oand the converse.
2. (Prove) If two lines intersect, vertically opposite angles are equal.
3. (Motivate) Results on corresponding angles, alternate angles, interior angles when atransversal intersects two parallel lines.
4. (Motivate) Lines which are parallel to a given line are parallel.
5. (Prove) The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180O.
6. (Motivate) If a side of a triangle is produced, the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sumof the two interior opposite angles.
TRIANGLES :
1. (Motivate) Two triangles are congruent if any two sides and the included angle of one triangleis equal to any two sides and the included angle of the other triangle (SAS Congruence).
2. (Prove) Two triangles are congruent if any two angles and the included side of one triangle isequal to any two angles and the included side of the other triangle (ASA Congruence).
3. (Motivate) Two triangles are congruent if the three sides of one triangle are equal to threesides of the other triangle (SSS Congruence).
4. (Motivate) Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and a side of one triangle areequal (respectively) to the hypotenuse and a side of the other triangle. (RHS Congruence)
5. (Prove) The angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal.
6. (Motivate) The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal.
7. (Motivate) Triangle inequalities and relation between ‘angle and facing side' inequalities intriangles.
QUADRILATERALS
1. (Prove) The diagonal divides a parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
2. (Motivate) In a parallelogram opposite sides are equal, and conversely.
3. (Motivate) In a parallelogram opposite angles are equal, and conversely.
4. (Motivate) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair of its opposite sides is parallel and equal.
5. (Motivate) In a parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each other and conversely.
6. (Motivate) In a triangle, the line segment joining the mid points of any two sides is parallel to the third side and in half of it and (motivate) its converse.
AREA
Review concept of area, recall area of a rectangle.
1. (Prove) Parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels have equal area.
2. (Motivate) Triangles on the same base (or equal bases) and between the same parallels are equal in area.
CIRCLES
Through examples, arrive at definition of circle and related concepts-radius, circumference, diameter, chord, arc, secant, sector, segment, subtended angle.
1. (Prove) Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the center and (motivate) its converse.
2. (Motivate) The perpendicular from the center of a circle to a chord bisects the chord and conversely, the line drawn through the center of a circle to bisect a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
3. (Motivate) There is one and only one circle passing through three given non-collinear points.
4. (Motivate) Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from the center (or their respective centers) and conversely.
5. (Prove) The angle subtended by an arc at the center is double the angle subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
6. (Motivate) Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
7. (Motivate) If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angle at two other points lying on the same side of the line containing the segment, the four points lie on a circle.
8. (Motivate) The sum of either of the pair of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180° and its converse.
CONSTRUCTIONS
1. Construction of bisectors of line segments and angles of measure 60o, 90o, 45o etc., equilateral triangles.
2. Construction of a triangle given its base, sum/difference of the other two sides and one base angle.
3. Construction of a triangle of given perimeter and base angles.
UNIT 5
MENSURATION
1. AREAS
Area of a triangle using Heron's formula (without proof) and its application in finding the area of a quadrilateral.
2. SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES
Surface areas and volumes of cubes, cuboids, spheres (including hemispheres) and right circular cylinders/cones.
UNIT 5
STATISTICS & PROBABILITY
1. STATISTICS
Introduction to Statistics: Collection of data, presentation of data — tabular form, ungrouped / grouped, bar graphs, histograms (with varying base lengths), frequency polygons. Mean, median and mode of ungrouped data.
2. PROBABILITY
History, Repeated experiments and observed frequency approach to probability.Focus is on empirical probability. (A large amount of time to be devoted to groupand to individual activities to motivate the concept; the experiments to be drawn from real - life situations, and from examples used in the chapter on statistics).