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                        PHYSICS 
                COURSE STRUCTURE


Unit–I
Physical World and Measurement
23
Unit-II
Kinematics
 24
Unit–III
Laws of Motion
14 
Unit–IV
Work, Energy and Power
12
Unit-VI
Gravitation
12 
Unit–VII
Properties of Bulk Matter
24
Unit–VIII
Thermodynamics
Unit–IX
Behaviour of Perfect Gases and Kinetic
Theory of Gases
08
Unit–X
Oscillations and Waves
26

Total Marks 70

Unit I: Physical World and Measurement 10 Periods
Chapter–1: Physical World
Physics-scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology
and society.
Chapter–2: Units and Measurements
Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units,
fundamental and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements;
accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement;
significant figures.
Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.
Unit II: Kinematics 24 Periods
Chapter–3: Motion in a Straight Line
Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and
velocity.
Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion,
uniform and non- uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity,
uniformly accelerated motion, velocity - time and position-time graphs.
Relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).
Chapter–4: Motion in a Plane
Scalar and vector quantities; position and displacement vectors, general
vectors and their notations; equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a
real number; addition and subtraction of vectors, relative velocity, Unit vector;
resolution of a vector in a plane, rectangular components, Scalar and Vector
product of vectors.
Motion in a plane, cases of uniform velocity and uniform accelerationprojectile
motion, uniform circular motion.
4
Unit III: Laws of Motion 14 Periods
Chapter–5: Laws of Motion
Intuitive concept of force, Inertia, Newton's first law of motion; momentum
and Newton's second law of motion; impulse; Newton's third law of motion.
Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.
Equilibrium of concurrent forces, Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction,
rolling friction, lubrication.
Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circular
motion (vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road).
Unit IV: Work, Energy and Power 12 Periods
Chapter–6: Work, Energy and Power
Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, workenergy
theorem, power.
Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces:
conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); nonconservative
forces: motion in a vertical circle; elastic and inelastic collisions
in one and two dimensions.
Unit V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body 18 Periods
Chapter–7: System of Particles and Rotational Motion
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of
mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of a uniform rod.
Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, law of conservation of
angular momentum and its applications.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational
motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions.
Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple
geometrical objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular
axes theorems and their applications.
5
Unit VI: Gravitation 12 Periods
Chapter–8: Gravitation
Kepler's laws of planetary motion, universal law of gravitation. Acceleration
due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.
Gravitational potential energy and gravitational potential, escape velocity,
orbital velocity of a satellite, Geo-stationary satellites.
Unit VII: Properties of Bulk Matter 24 Periods
Chapter–9: Mechanical Properties of Solids
Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's law, Young's modulus,
bulk modulus, shear modulus of rigidity, Poisson's ratio; elastic energy.
Chapter–10: Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications (hydraulic lift
and hydraulic brakes), effect of gravity on fluid pressure.
Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, critical
velocity, Bernoulli's theorem and its applications.
Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure
across a curved surface, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles
and capillary rise.
Chapter–11: Thermal Properties of Matter
Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids
and gases, anomalous expansion of water; specific heat capacity; Cp, Cv -
calorimetry; change of state - latent heat capacity.
Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, thermal conductivity,
qualitative ideas of Blackbody radiation, Wein's displacement Law, Stefan's
law, Greenhouse effect.
6
Unit VIII: Thermodynamics 12 Periods
Chapter–12: Thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of
thermodynamics), heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics,
isothermal and adiabatic processes.
Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes, Heat
engine and refrigerator.
Unit IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gases and Kinetic Theory of Gases 08 Periods
Chapter–13: Kinetic Theory
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done in compressing a gas.
Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic
interpretation of temperature; rms speed of gas molecules; degrees of
freedom, law of equi-partition of energy (statement only) and application to
specific heat capacities of gases; concept of mean free path, Avogadro's
number.
Unit X: Oscillations and Waves 26 Periods
Chapter–14: Oscillations
Periodic motion - time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time,
periodic functions.
Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a
loaded spring- restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M. Kinetic
and potential energies; simple pendulum derivation of expression for its time
period. Free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only),
resonance.
Chapter–15: Waves
Wave motion: Transverse and longitudinal waves, speed of travelling wave,
displacement relation for a progressive wave, principle of superposition of
waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes,
7
fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats, Doppler effect.
PRACTICALS Total Periods: 60
The record, to be submitted by the students, at the time of their annual examination, has
to include:
• Record of at least 15 Experiments [with a minimum of 6 from each section], to be
performed by the students.
• Record of at least 5 Activities [with a minimum of 2 each from section A and section
B], to be demonstrated by the teachers.
• Report of the project to be carried out by the students.
EVALUATION SCHEME
Time Allowed: Three hours Max. Marks: 30
Two experiments one from each section 8+8
Marks
Practical record (experiment and activities) 6 Marks
Investigatory Project 3 Marks
Viva on experiments, activities and project 5 Marks
Total 30 Marks
SECTION–A
Experiments
1. To measure diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body and to measure internal
diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter using Vernier Callipers and hence
find its volume.
2. To measure diameter of a given wire and thickness of a given sheet using screw
gauge.
3. To determine volume of an irregular lamina using screw gauge.
4. To determine radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometer.
8
5. To determine the mass of two different objects using a beam balance.
6. To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram law of vectors.
7. Using a simple pendulum, plot its L-T2 graph and use it to find the effective length of
second's pendulum.
8. To study variation of time period of a simple pendulum of a given length by taking
bobs of same size but different masses and interpret the result.
9. To study the relationship between force of limiting friction and normal reaction and to
find the co- efficient of friction between a block and a horizontal surface.
10. To find the downward force, along an inclined plane, acting on a roller due to
gravitational pull of the earth and study its relationship with the angle of inclination θ
by plotting graph between force and sin θ.
Activities
(for the purpose of demonstration only)
1. To make a paper scale of given least count, e.g., 0.2cm, 0.5 cm.
2. To determine mass of a given body using a metre scale by principle of moments.
3. To plot a graph for a given set of data, with proper choice of scales and error bars.
4. To measure the force of limiting friction for rolling of a roller on a horizontal plane.
5. To study the variation in range of a projectile with angle of projection.
6. To study the conservation of energy of a ball rolling down on an inclined plane (using
a double inclined plane).
7. To study dissipation of energy of a simple pendulum by plotting a graph between
square of amplitude and time.
9
SECTION–B
Experiments
1. To determine Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire.
2. To find the force constant of a helical spring by plotting a graph between load and
extension.
3. To study the variation in volume with pressure for a sample of air at constant
temperature by plotting graphs between P and V, and between P and 1/V.
4. To determine the surface tension of water by capillary rise method.
5. To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring
terminal velocity of a given spherical body.
6. To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting a
cooling curve.
7. To determine specific heat capacity of a given solid by method of mixtures.
8. To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under constant
tension using sonometer.
9. To study the relation between the length of a given wire and tension for constant
frequency using sonometer.
10. To find the speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube by two
resonance positions.
Activities (for the purpose of demonstration only)
1. To observe change of state and plot a cooling curve for molten wax.
2. To observe and explain the effect of heating on a bi-metallic strip.
3. To note the change in level of liquid in a container on heating and interpret the
observations.
4. To study the effect of detergent on surface tension of water by observing capillary rise.
5. To study the factors affecting the rate of loss of heat of a liquid.
6. To study the effect of load on depression of a suitably clamped metre scale loaded at
(i) its end (ii) in the middle.
7. To observe the decrease in pressure with increase in velocity of a fluid.
10
Practical Examination for Visually Impaired
Students Class XI
Note: Same Evaluation scheme and general guidelines for visually impaired students as
given for Class XII may be followed.
A. Items for Identification/Familiarity of the apparatus for assessment in
practicals (All experiments)
Spherical ball, Cylindrical objects, vernier calipers, beaker, calorimeter, Screw gauge,
wire, Beam balance, spring balance, weight box, gram and milligram weights,
forceps, Parallelogram law of vectors apparatus, pulleys and pans used in the same
‘weights’ used, Bob and string used in a simple pendulum, meter scale, split cork,
suspension arrangement, stop clock/stop watch, Helical spring, suspension
arrangement used, weights, arrangement used for measuring extension, Sonometer,
Wedges, pan and pulley used in it, ‘weights’ Tuning Fork, Meter scale, Beam
balance, Weight box, gram and milligram weights, forceps, Resonance Tube, Tuning
Fork, Meter scale, Flask/Beaker used for adding water.
B. List of Practicals
1. To measure diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body using vernier calipers.
2. To measure the internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter using
vernier calipers and hence find its volume.
3. To measure diameter of given wire using screw gauge.
4. To measure thickness of a given sheet using screw gauge.
5. To determine the mass of a given object using a beam balance.
6. To find the weight of given body using the parallelogram law of vectors.
7. Using a simple pendulum plot L-T and L-T2 graphs. Hence find the effective
length of second’s pendulum using appropriate length values.
8. To find the force constant of given helical spring by plotting a graph between
load and extension.
11
9. (i) To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under
constant tension using a sonometer.
(ii) To study the relation between the length of a given wire and tension, for
constant frequency, using a sonometer.
10. To find the speed of sound in air, at room temperature, using a resonance tube,
by observing the two resonance positions.
Note: The above practicals may be carried out in an experiential manner rather than
recording observations.
 
                      MATHEMATICS
                   COURSE STRUCTURE
                   CLASS XI (2019-20)
One Paper Total Period–240 [35 Minutes Each]
Three Hours Max Marks: 80
No. Units No. of Periods Marks
I. Sets and Functions 60 23
II. Algebra 70 30
III. Coordinate Geometry 40 10
IV. Calculus 30 05
V. Mathematical Reasoning 10 02
VI. Statistics and Probability 30 10
Total 240 80
Internal Assessment 20
*No chapter/unit-wise weightage. Care to be taken to cover all the chapters.
Unit-I: Sets and Functions
1. Sets (20) Periods
Sets and their representations.Empty set.Finite and Infinite sets.Equal sets.Subsets.Subsets of a
set of real numbers especially intervals (with notations). Power set. Universal set. Venn
diagrams. Union and Intersection of sets.Difference of sets. Complement of a set. Properties of
Complement.
2. Relations & Functions (20) Periods
Ordered pairs.Cartesian product of sets.Number of elements in the Cartesian product of two finite
sets.Cartesian product of the set of reals with itself (upto R x R x R).Definition of relation, pictorial
diagrams, domain, co-domain and range of a relation. Function as a special type of relation.
Pictorial representation of a function, domain, co-domain and range of a function. Real valued
functions, domain and range of these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus,
signum, exponential, logarithmic and greatest integer functions, with their graphs. Sum,
difference, product and quotients of functions.
3. Trigonometric Functions (20) Periods
Positive and negative angles.Measuring angles in radians and in degrees and conversion from
one measure to another.Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle. Truth of
the identity sin2x + cos2x = 1, for all x. Signs of trigonometric functions. Domain and range of
trigonometric functions and their graphs.Expressing sin (x±y) and cos (x±y) in terms of sinx, siny,
cosx&cosy and their simple applications. Deducing identities like the following:
tan(x ± y) =
tan x ± tan y
1 ∓ tan x tan y
, cot(x ± y) =
cot x cot y ∓ 1
cot y ± cot x
sinα ± sinβ = 2sin
1
2
(α ± β)cos
1
2
(α ∓ β)
cosα + cosβ = 2cos
1
2
(α + β)cos
1
2
(α − β)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛
1
2
(𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑠𝑖𝑛
1
2
(𝛼 − 𝛽)
Identities related to sin2x, cos2x, tan2 x, sin3x, cos3x and tan3x. General solution of trigonometric
equations of the type siny = sina, cosy = cosa and tany = tana.
Unit-II: Algebra
1. Principle of Mathematical Induction (10) Periods
Process of the proof by induction, motivating the application of the method by looking at natural
numbers as the least inductive subset of real numbers.The principle of mathematical induction
and simple applications.
2. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations (15) Periods
Need for complex numbers, especially√−1, to be motivated by inability to solve some of the
quardratic equations. Algebraic properties of complex numbers.Argand plane and polar
representation of complex numbers.Statement of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, solution of
quadratic equations (with real coefficients) in the complex number system.Square root of a
complex number.
3. Linear Inequalities (15) Periods
Linear inequalities.Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their
representation on the number line.Graphical solution of linear inequalities in two
variables.Graphical method of finding a solution of system of linear inequalities in two variables.
4. Permutations and Combinations (10) Periods
Fundamental principle of counting.Factorialn. (n!) Permutations and combinations, derivation
ofFormulae forn􀭮􀱨 and n􀭡􀱨and their connections, simple applications.
5. Binomial Theorem (10) Periods
History, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices.Pascal's
triangle, General and middle term in binomial expansion, simple applications.
6. Sequence and Series (10) Periods
Sequence and Series. Arithmetic Progression (A. P.). Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) Geometric
Progression (G.P.), general term of a G.P., sum of n terms of a G.P., infinite G.P. and its sum,
geometric mean (G.M.), relation between A.M. and G.M. Formulae for the following special
sums.
􀷍 k
􀭬
􀭩􀭀􀬵
, 􀷍 k􀬶 and 􀷍 k􀬷
􀭬
􀭩􀭀􀬵
􀭬
􀭩􀭀􀬵
Unit-III: Coordinate Geometry
1. Straight Lines (10) Periods
Brief recall of two dimensional geometry from earlier classes. Shifting of origin. Slope of a line
and angle between two lines. Various forms of equations of a line: parallel to axis, point -slope
form, slope-intercept form, two-point form, intercept form and normal form. General equation of a
line.Equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines.Distance of a
point from a line.
2. Conic Sections (20) Periods
Sections of a cone: circles, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, a point, a straight line and a pair of
intersecting lines as a degenerated case of a conic section. Standard equations and simple
properties of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola.Standard equation of a circle.
3. Introduction to Three-dimensional Geometry (10) Periods
Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions. Coordinates of a point. Distance
between two points and section formula.
Unit-IV: Calculus
1. Limits and Derivatives (30) Periods
Derivative introduced as rate of change both as that of distance function and
geometrically.Intuitive idea of limit.Limits of polynomials and rational functions trigonometric,
exponential and logarithmic functions.Definition of derivative relate it to scope of tangent of the
curve, derivative of sum, difference, product and quotient of functions. Derivatives of polynomial
and trigonometric functions.
Unit-V: Mathematical Reasoning
1. Mathematical Reasoning (10) Periods
Mathematically acceptable statements. Connecting words/ phrases - consolidating the
understanding of "if and only if (necessary and sufficient) condition", "implies", "and/or", "implied
by", "and", "or", "there exists" and their use through variety of examples related to real life and
Mathema tics. Validating the statements involving the connecting words, difference among
contradiction, converse and contrapositive.
Unit-VI: Statistics and Probability
1. Statistics (15) Periods
Measures of Dispersion: Range, Mean deviation, variance and standard deviation of
ungrouped/grouped data. Analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different
variances.
2. Probability (15) Periods
Random experiments; outcomes, sample spaces (set representation). Events; occurrence of
events, ‘not’, ‘and’ and ‘or’ events, exhaustive events, mutually exclusive events, Axiomatic (set
theoretic) probability, connections with other theories of earlier classes. Probability of an event,
probability of ‘not’, ‘and’ and ‘or’ events.
                       CHEMISTRY
           CLASS-XI (THEORY) (2019-20)
                COURSE STRUCTURE
Total Periods (Theory 160+ Practical 60)
Time: 3 Hours Total Marks70
Unit No. Title No. of
Periods Marks
Unit I Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 12 11
Unit II Structure of Atom 14
Unit III Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 08 04
Unit IV Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 14 21
Unit V States of Matter: Gases and Liquids 12
Unit VI Chemical Thermodynamics 16
Unit VII Equilibrium 14
Unit VIII Redox Reactions 06 16
Unit IX Hydrogen 08
Unit X s -Block Elements 10
Unit XI p -Block Elements 14
Unit XII Organic Chemistry: Some basic Principles and Techniques 14 18
Unit XIII Hydrocarbons 12
Unit XIV Environmental Chemistry 06
Total 160 70
Unit I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 12 Periods
General Introduction: Importance and scope of chemistry.
Nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory: concept
of elements, atoms and molecules.
Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage
composition, empirical and molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry
and calculations based on stoichiometry.
Unit II: Structure of Atom 14 Periods
Bohr's model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of
matter and light, de Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle,
concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for
filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and
Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and
completely filled orbitals.
Unit III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 08 Periods
Modern periodic law and the present form of periodic table, periodic trends in
properties of elements -atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, Ionization
enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency. Nomenclature of
elements with atomic number greater than 100
Unit IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular structure 14 Periods
Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure,
polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond
theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of
hybridization, involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple
molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic
molecules(qualitative idea only), hydrogen bond.
Unit V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids. 12 Periods
Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting
and boiling points, role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule,
Boyle's law, Charles law, Gay Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, ideal behaviour,
empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro's number, ideal gas equation.
Deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature,
kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea)
Liquid State: vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea
only, no mathematical derivations)
Unit VI: Chemical Thermodynamics 16 Periods
Concepts of System and types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy,
extensive and intensive properties, state functions. First law of thermodynamics
-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of
ΔU and ΔH, Hess's law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond
dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition,
ionization, solution and dilution. Second law of Thermodynamics (brief
introduction).Introduction of entropy as a state function, Gibb's energy change
for spontaneous and non- spontaneous processes, criteria for equilibrium.
Third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction).
Unit VII: Equilibrium 14 Periods
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium,
law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium- Le
Chatelier's principle, ionic equilibrium- ionization of acids and bases, strong and
weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of poly basic acids, acid
strength, concept of pH, Henderson Equation, hydrolysis of salts (elementary
idea), buffer solution, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative
examples).
Unit VIII: Redox Reactions 06 Periods
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number,
balancing redox reactions, in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in
oxidation number, applications of redox reactions.
Unit IX: Hydrogen 08 Periods
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation,
properties and uses of hydrogen, hydrides-ionic covalent and interstitial;
physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide -
preparation, reactions and structure and use; hydrogen as a fuel.
Unit X: s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals) 10 Periods
Group 1 and Group 2 Elements General introduction, electronic configuration,
occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal
relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy,
atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water,
hydrogen and halogens, uses. Preparation and Properties of Some Important
Compounds: Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Hydroxide and
Sodium Hydrogencarbonate, Biological importance of Sodium and Potassium.
Calcium Oxide and Calcium Carbonate and their industrial uses, biological
importance of Magnesium and Calcium
Unit XI: p -Block Elements 14 Periods
General Introduction to p -Block Elements
Group 13 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,
variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous
properties of first element of the group, Boron - physical and chemical
properties, some important compounds, Borax, Boric acid, Boron Hydrides,
Aluminium: Reactions with acids and alkalies, uses.
Group 14 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,
variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous
behaviour of first elements. Carbon-catenation, allotropic forms, physical and
chemical properties; uses of some important compounds: oxides. Important
compounds of Silicon and a few uses: Silicon Tetrachloride, Silicones, Silicates
and Zeolites, their uses.
Unit XII: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques 14 Periods
General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative
analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.
Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric
effect, resonance and hyper conjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a
covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and
nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.
Unit XIII: Hydrocarbons 12 Periods
Classification of Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism, conformation (ethane only), physical
properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation,
combustion and pyrolysis.
Alkenes - Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical
isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions:
addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikov's addition
and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition.
Alkynes - Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties,
methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition
reaction of - hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, benzene:
resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic
substitution. Nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft's alkylation and
acylation, directive influence of functional group in monosubstituted
benzene.Carcinogenicity and toxicity.
Unit XIV: Environmental Chemistry 06 Periods
Environmental pollution - air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in
atmosphere, smog, major atmospheric pollutants, acid rain, ozone and its
reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global
warming- pollution due to industrial wastes, green chemistry as an alternative
tool for reducing pollution, strategies for control of environmental pollution.
 
 

                      PRACTICALS
    PRACTICAL SYLLABUS Total Periods 60
Micro-chemical methods are available for several of the practical experiments.
Wherever possible such techniques should be used:
A. Basic Laboratory Techniques
1. Cutting glass tube and glass rod
2. Bending a glass tube
3. Drawing out a glass jet
4. Boring a cork
B. Characterization and Purification of Chemical Substances
1. Determination of melting point of an organic compound.
2. Determination of boiling point of an organic compound.
3. Crystallization of impure sample of any one of the following: Alum, Copper
Sulphate, Benzoic Acid.
C. Experiments based on pH
(a) Any one of the following experiments:
• Determination of pH of some solutions obtained from fruit juices, solution of
known and varied concentrations of acids, bases and salts using pH paper or
universal indicator.
• Comparing the pH of solutions of strong and weak acids of same
concentration.
• Study the pH change in the titration of a strong base using universal indicator.
(b) Study the pH change by common-ion in case of weak acids and weak bases.
Evaluation Scheme for Examination Marks
Volumetric Analysis 08
Salt Analysis 08
Content Based Experiment 06
Project Work 04
Class record and viva 04
Total 30
D. Chemical Equilibrium
One of the following experiments:
a) Study the shift in equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocyanate ions by
increasing/decreasing the concentration of either of the ions.
b) Study the shift in equilibrium between [Co(H2O)6]2+and chloride ions by changing
the concentration of either of the ions.
E. Quantitative Estimation
i) Using a chemical balance.
ii) Preparation of standard solution of Oxalic acid.
iii) Determination of strength of a given solution of Sodium Hydroxide by titrating it
against standard solution of Oxalic acid.
iv) Preparation of standard solution of Sodium Carbonate.
v) Determination of strength of a given solution of Hydrochloric acid by titrating
it against standard
Sodium Carbonate solution.
F. Qualitative Analysis
(a) Determination of one anion and one cation in a given salt
Cations- Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Sr2+,Ba2+, Mg2+,
[NH4]+
Anions – [CO3]2-, S2-, [SO3]2-, [SO4]2-, [NO3]-, Cl-,Br-, I-, [PO4]3-, [C2O4]2-, CH3COO-
(Note: Insoluble salts excluded)
(b) Detection of -Nitrogen, Sulphur, Chlorine in organic compounds.
PROJECT
Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other
sources.
A few suggested Projects
• Checking the bacterial contamination in drinking water by testing sulphide ion.
• Study of the methods of purification of water.
• Testing the hardness, presence of Iron, Fluoride, Chloride, etc., depending upon the
regional variation in drinking water and study of causes of presence of these ions
above permissible limit (if any).
• Investigation of the foaming capacity of different washing soaps and the effect
of addition of Sodium Carbonate on it.
• Study the acidity of different samples of tea leaves.
• Determination of the rate of evaporation of different liquids.
• Study the effect of acids and bases on the tensile strength of fibers.
• Study of acidity of fruit and vegetable juices.
Note: Any other investigatory project, which involves about 10 periods of work, can be
chosen with the approval of the teacher.
Practical Examination for Visually Impaired Students Class XI
Note: Same Evaluation scheme and general guidelines for visually impaired students as
given for Class XII may be followed.
A. List of apparatus for identification for assessment in practicals (All experiments)
Beaker, Tripod stand, Wire gauze, glass rod, funnel, filter paper, Bunsen burner, test
tube, test tube stand, dropper, test tube holder, ignition tube, china dish, tongs,
funnel, tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, standard flask, pipette, burette,
conical flask, funnel, clamp stand, dropper, wash bottle, filter paper
• Odour detection in qualitative analysis
• Procedure/Setup of the apparatus
B. List of Experiments
A. Characterization and Purification of Chemical Substances
1. Crystallization of an impure sample of any one of the following: copper sulphate,
benzoic acid
B. Experiments based on pH
1. Determination of pH of some solutions obtained from fruit juices, solutions of
known and varied concentrations of acids, bases and salts using pH paper
2. Comparing the pH of solutions of strong and weak acids of same concentration.
C. Chemical Equilibrium
1. Study the shift in equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocyanate ions by
increasing/decreasing the concentration of either ions.
2. Study the shift in equilibrium between [Co(H2O)6]2+and chloride ions by
changing the concentration of either of the ions.
D. Quantitative estimation
1. Preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid.
2. Determination of molarity of a given solution of sodium hydroxide by titrating it
against standard solution of oxalic acid.
E. Qualitative Analysis
1. Determination of one anion and one cation in a given salt
2. Cations- [NH]4
+
Anions – [CO3]2- ,S2-, [SO3]2-, Cl-, CH3COO-
(Note: insoluble salts excluded)
3. Detection of Nitrogen in the given organic compound.
4. Detection of Halogen in the given organic compound.
Note: The above practicals may be carried out in an experiential manner rather than
recording observations.
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